Description of Global Positioning System Device

Description of Global Positioning System Device Many computer technologies are useful in communication of data or information that is essential for decision making pertaining to specific issues or concerns. The major technologies that find relevancies in technical communication are Global Positioning System (GPS) device, MP3 player, waste electrical and electronic equipment, automobile jack, and camera phone. This paper gives a general description of GPS device to enlighten the general public and other interested professionals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Description of Global Positioning System Device specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More GPS is a radio-navigation system that is set in space and managed by the U.S. Department of Defense and Transportation. Image 1 shows the positions of the various satellites that constitute the GPS. It has been used for accurate determination of positions on the surface of the Earth (Combrink, Combrinck and Moraal 436). It was in itially invented as an enhancement system for the military forces and still serves this purpose as well as the others. Notwithstanding, it also has an adequate capacity to serve the civilian population in large numbers and variety of applications (Arnold, par. 16). According to Arnold (par. 17), the GPS is comprised of three fragments, namely, space fragment, control fragment and user fragment. The space fragment uses 24 satellites suspending in 6 orbital planes. Each satellite rotates around a 20,200km orbit which is inclined at 55 degrees, and completes the rotation in 12 hours. The configurations of the satellites in respective orbits are set in such a way that at least five are within the view of a user at any place on Earth in conjunction with Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP) of six satellites or less. PDOP is a quality measure of the relative configuration of the satellites as shown in figure 1. PDOP is inversely proportional to the degree of evenness in terms of spacing around the sky, so that the more evenly spaced the 24 satellite are, the lower PDOP is. It can be said to be perfect when a satellite situates overhead the user with other three satellites located at 1200 intervals just over the horizon from the user (Arnold, par. 18). Combrink et al. (436) assert that thousands of stationary and mobile receivers also constitute the GPS. Image 1. GPS constellation; expandable 24-slot configuration, as defined in SPS Performance StandardAdvertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More (GPS Constellation (Expandable 24-slot configuration, as defined in SPS Performance Standard)) The decrease in precision defines a root mean square estimation of the affect that position solution geometry imposes on positions faults. The experts managing the system can assess geometry affects in four different positions, namely, time position (TDOP), 3-D position (PDOP) , vertical position (VDOP), and horizontal position (HDOP). Arnold (par. 19) points out that the GPS control fragment comprises 5 monitoring stations and 3 ground antennas, which transmit radio or other signals to receivers in the communication satellites in space or aircraft within the atmosphere. The monitoring posts adopt GPS receivers to track every satellite within its scope of view and collect assorted data from the satellites signals. The information dispatched from the various monitoring posts is processed at a larger station, Master Control Station (MCS), located in proximity to the Colorado Springs Colo. It is done to establish satellite clock and orbits profiles in order to update the navigational information of individual satellite. Image 2 a. GPS Block II/IIA Satellite. 2 b. Satellite operators at the MCS, Schriever Air Force Base (GPS Block II/IIA satellite and Satellite operators at the master control station, Schriever Air Force Base)Advertising We will writ e a custom essay sample on Description of Global Positioning System Device specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The user fragment of the GPS includes a range of integration and configurations architectures that encompass a receiver-pre-processor and an antenna to jointly receive and process navigational solutions to give a user positioning, velocity, and exact timing (Delaney 62). Arnold, James A. Surface Transportation and Global Positioning System Improvements: L5 and DGPS. Public Roads 61.4 (1998): 2. Academic Search Complete. Web. http://0-eds.b.ebscohost.com.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca/ehost/detail?sid=35d51614-ed5c-44bb-a7a3-b70236f42dca%40sessionmgr112vid=1hid=102bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPXVybCxpcCx1aWQmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl#db=a9hAN=345976 Combrink, A. Z. A., W. L. Combrinck, and H. Moraal. Near Real-Time Detection of Atmospheric Water Vapour Using the SADC GPS Network. South African Journal of Science 100.9/10 (2004): 436-442. Academic Search Com plete. PDF file. 14 Feb. 2014. ascau.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=c9f6d8d9-fb93-45be-9bf2-03112b49735e%40sessionmgr113vid=1hid=102 Delaney, John. GPS: Yesterday and Tomorrow. PC Magazine 20.7 (2001): 62. Academic Search Complete. PDF file. 14 Feb. 2014. http://0-eds.b.ebscohost.com.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=13af7390-d31e-4162-9b49-11256c00bc8e%40sessionmgr115vid=1hid=102 GPS Block II/IIA satellite. 31 Jan. 2014. JPEG file. 14 Feb. 2014 gps.gov/multimedia/images/II-IIA.jpg. GPS Constellation (Expandable 24-slot configuration, as defined in SPS Performance Standard). 31 Jan. 2014. JPEG file. 14 Feb. 2014. gps.gov/multimedia/images/constellation.jpg. Satellite operators at the master control station, Schriever Air Force Base. 31 Jan. 2014. JPEG file. 14 Feb. 2014gps.gov/multimedia/images/2SOPS-crew.jpg.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Building a Houseâ€Advice From an Architect

Building a House- Advice From an Architect While your new house is an exciting and mind-boggling experience for you, it is routine for the builder (been there, done that). These attitudes often tend to clash. Building your new house should not (and cannot) be a passive exercise. A myriad of decisions have to be made  - by you. When you are unable or unwilling to make decisions, you force the builder to make them. To make sure your new home fulfills your own vision, follow the following guidelines. Understand Your Contract No matter what type of contract you sign, you become a party to a legal document involving a massive amount of money for the construction of your new house. By so doing, you abdicate none of your basic legal rights. Therefore, know your rights and exercise them. Start by reading the contract and understanding it. You are paying (or will pay over the next 25 to 30 years) for the knowledge of the builders: their experience and ability. Plus you are paying your builders a profit above their expenses. What do you expect in return? How do you ensure that you get what you expect? COMMUNICATE  - WRITE IT DOWN  - COMMUNICATE  - WRITE IT DOWN  - COMMUNICATE  - WRITE IT DOWN. Anything you add to the house after the contract is signed, the builder will keep track of  - assiduously! Anything you delete or reduce, YOU keep track of  - assiduously! Save on Building Costs The average house contains approximately 1,500 to 2,000 square feet. Do you need more space than that? Why? How much more? You pay for each and every square foot of space in your house, whether its occupied, usable, or otherwise. If the cost is $50, $85, or $110 per square foot, extra, unused, vacant, and unnecessary areas are provided at the very same cost. You want to be in control of building costs, but you dont want to skimp. Keep costs in perspective; for example, that cost of $10-per-thousand more for a brick you really like translates into a total cost of only $100 more when a typical amount of 10,000 bricks is involved. Do the math yourself. Be smart. Take care that glitz and gadgets suggested by friends, the builder, or magazines do not overwhelm good basic construction. Dont trade them for lesser construction. Bouncy floors where joists are stretched to the maximum are not remedied by a hot tub, flocked wallcovering, skylights, or jazzy door hardware. Know what you like. Check Building Codes Dont expect to control the number of nails used. Do expect a substantially built house, free of defects, and in accord with all applicable codes and regulations. Require proof of such compliance (many jurisdictions issue Certificates of Occupancy) at the closing of your mortgage. This indicates accord with the minimum code and safety standards. Realize that some things are virtually unchangeable; they should be done properly, first off. This includes a properly sized and constructed foundation system, a properly designed and installed structural system, and so on. Changeable items such as finishes and coverings should not distract you from watching for and requiring good basic construction. Watch for things that are not necessarily what you want and that you will not be able to change easily or cheaply. Question things that just dont look or seem right. Most of the time they indeed are not. Seek some reliable outside, impartial advice- other than your father, even if he is a builder! Be Flexible Be ready and prepared to compromise in order to resolve situations and problems. Be aware, however, of what you may be giving up in this process;  examine and understand both sides. Is the situation worth what you are losing? The builder is fully capable of doing anything or finding someone who can do anything you wish, but anything always comes with a price. Be careful and wary of unique, inordinate, or far-out requests, new technology, and untested materials and equipment. Understand that construction is an imperfect science. Combine that understanding with natural elements (e.g., site conditions, weather, wood members, human foibles), and you might face situations where things could change, must be changed, or simply exceed capabilities. Flat-out errors do happen. Absolute perfection or your idea of perfection may not- and more than likely, will not- be achieved. Drastic imperfections, however, can be corrected, and they should be. It is within your rights to require this. Keep Records Issues not clearly and specifically noted, written, described, or shown will be interpreted by both sides. A meeting of minds must take place, where interpretations are fully understood and resolved. When this resolution does not happen, expect dispute, confrontation, pique, anger, frustration, and perhaps even litigation. Be redundant,  leaving nothing to chance. Follow up verbal discussions and instructions with written verification. Keep records and receipts; records of phone calls and all correspondence; samples you approve; sales slips; model, type, and style numbers; and the like. Dont allow yourself to be reduced to buying any aspect of a pig in a poke. The more time and effort spent up front in programming, planning, designing, and understanding, as well as in establishing specifics of the project, the better the chance for a smoother construction period and a satisfactory result. Be Businesslike Be pragmatic and absolutely businesslike in all of your dealings with the builders. They are working for you; you are not seeking them as new friends. If a friend or relative performs part of the work, treat that person in exactly the same manner:  have a contract and demand adherence to your schedule. Dont let a gift or a good price disrupt the project overall. Summary of Questions to Ask What is a good design for our needs?What is a building code? Does it affect us? How does it work? What doesnt it do?Who is responsible, overall, for my building project?What are good sizes and proportions for rooms? What style do I want?What am I really getting from the builder?What problems do I have in my current house that I dont want to repeat?Where can I find answers and help? How do I make my desires known?What does that line on the drawing mean?What is a dispute? What is a lien?What are specifications? Does the builder write and provide them?What if my builder does something in a way I dont like? Is the house going to be complete? Will something be left out?When will the house be finished?What is a contract? How do I play a part in it? What does it say?What is an extra?Is that a good material? Ive never heard of it.Can I change things?Who picks the color of the paint, wall coverings, tile, type of wood, siding?Is landscaping included and what form does it take? Sod? Seed? Mud and rocks? Slopes? Are landscape features guaranteed? What if I disagree with the builder? Can I stop the work?Am I allowed on the job site? Can I inspect the work as it goes up? Can I bring someone with me?I really want this xyz in the house. How do I get exactly that?I can buy the light fixtures from my brother, but who will hang them? What do I do?Should I close on the mortgage and pay the builder in full? I have several items that I dont like. Must I still close?Why do we have to make all these trips to pick things out? About the Author, Ralph Liebing Ralph W. Liebing (1935–2014) was a registered architect, a lifelong teacher of code compliance, and the author of 11 books on architectural drawings, codes and regulations, contract administration, and the construction industry.   A 1959 graduate from the University of Cincinnati, Liebing taught at the University of Cincinnati School of Architecture and the College of Applied Science Technology at Illinois State University. In addition, he trained carpenters union apprentices, directed classes at community education programs, and taught architectural technology for Daytons ITT Technical Institute. He practiced architecture in both Ohio and Kentucky. Liebing published many textbooks, articles, papers, and commentaries. He was a fierce advocate for not only enforcing specifications and codes but for design firms to engage owners in the process.  His publications include Construction of Architecture: From Design to Built, Architectural Working Drawings; and The Construction Industry. In addition to being a Registered Architect (RA), Liebing was a Certified Professional Code Administrator (CPCA), Chief Building Official (CBO), and a Professional Code Administrator. Ralph Liebing was a pioneer in creating useful, professional web content of lasting quality.

Leadership Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership Analysis - Essay Example This happens to be the informal power structure that might at times demonstrate as exercising extreme influence compared to the formal one (Miller, 2008). Any chief nursing officer exercising formal power in a health care centre tends to apply it on a day to day basis within the process of performing its work (Fairholm, 2009). However, the informal normally apply it when it fits their own interest. This leaves a person wondering what this thing called power refers to; apparently, this is a person’s control or influence on the behavior of other persons with or without their approval (Fairholm, 2009). In other words, this is the ability of having a say within organizational doings directly or indirectly, thereby serving the interests of an individual or a group (Miller, 2008). Therefore, power happens to be an inherent element in any health care, which features significantly within the process of decision making. Owing to their work relationships, some chief nursing officers are capable of exercising excessive level of power of their formal job description (Morgan, 2006). Health care centers normally have an organizational chart listing the relationship, as well as ranks of positions in the organization (Fairholm, 2009). ... nts, charisma and characteristics of the health care center’s individual members thus becoming the informal heads of the organization (Miller, 2008). In this case, they tend to play a significant task in the efficacy of the health care, since they might at times exert more power compared to the formal authorities. Therefore, it is essential for the chief nursing officer to acknowledge these individuals early and by ensuring that they get utilized in benefitting the organization (Fairholm, 2009). Informal power is intrinsic in all health care centers while playing a significant background role within the smooth functioning or even the interference of that organization (Fairholm, 2009). It is necessary for the management to comply with the fact that formal power might on many occasions be submissive to informal power. Apparently, this is a realism that has to be recognized importantly, directed for the organization’s benefit. There is a need to empower the chief nursing o fficer so as he or she can assume management roles from the transition to the hierarchical model this is a demonstration of their professional growth, as well as development (Higgs, 2008). At every unit level, it is essential to lobby new leadership thereby allowing staff at this level to continue doing peer review, together with unit-based council management in regards to unit governance issues. Considering that our leader, who is also the chief nursing officer, has guided his department ahead while, within the throes of the present chaos in health care, he has developed, while, at the same time, used his power basis, both formal and informal, as an individual while also as a leader (Higgs, 2008). Luckily, he has clinical expertise i.e. expert power, which makes him a member of the executive team in

Identity and Linguistic Repression in Gloria Anzaldua's How to Tame a Research Paper

Identity and Linguistic Repression in Gloria Anzaldua's How to Tame a Wild Tongue - Research Paper Example For instance, issues about linguistic repression and cultural barriers face culturally diverse societies due to the existence and assertion of rights among people in the mainstream and minority cultures. Accordingly, this paper tackles the cultural and linguistic barriers faced by Chicano Spanish in the U.S. in the process of their interaction and integration in the mainstream American society. Further, this paper also studies the different linguistic variations among Chicano Spanish living in mainland U.S. and those living in near the American borders. In relation to Anzaldua’s article, this paper contends that the concept of â€Å"wild tongue† does not actually exist; instead, it is actually a misunderstanding between the mainstream and minority culture concerning their linguistic and cultural practices. Further, this research argues that idea of â€Å"wild tongue† arises out of the outward and seemingly unreasonable restrictions that the American society puts upon its Chicano Spanish immigrants. Relatively, Chicano/as become linguistically aggressive by using the Pachuco language, regardless of the existent linguistic restrictions, and this also brings out the idea of linguistic terrorism. At the end of this research, this paper hopes to identify the implications of linguistic repression on the identity formation of individuals, particularly on how they perceive other cultural denominations. In addressing those objectives, this paper provides the analysis of related literature, particularly scholarly journals and books about the Chicano culture and the Chicano Spanish language. Article Overview Anzaldua’s article highlights one of the most common challenges faced by immigrants in the U.S., particularly those who are non-native English speakers. In the article, Anzaldua defends the origins and authenticity of the Chicano Spanish language while maintaining her assertions concerning the linguistic restrictions in the U.S. as linguist ic terrorism against their language (36). In the article, Anzaldua explains that the Chicano Spanish language comes as a collective desire of the Chicanos/as to assert their cultural and linguistic individuality. For instance, she cites her personal experience on linguistic differences and cultural adaptation wherein she also asserts the repressive impact of such repressions on identity formation. Aside from this, the bottom-line of Anzaldua’s article is her argument about the â€Å"wild tongue† as an assertive response to the existent repressions in the U.S. Anzaldua points out such restrictions in the first few paragraphs of the article, particularly with her encounter with people in the American society. For instance, she cites her meeting with the dentist, who tried to control her tongue. Although the dentist intends to attend to Anzaldua’s teeth, one can say that she misunderstood the dentist’s statement as an outward restriction against her speaking her native language. In the succeeding paragraphs, Anzaldua points out the existing treatment of teachers, both English and Spanish, in teaching English to Chicanos. Specifically, this includes the training both inside and outside the school wherein children, at an early age, are taught to repress their own language and accent to effectively, and easily integrate themselves with the majority culture and language, which is English. Throughout

Apush Outline Essay Example for Free

Apush Outline Essay The Bonds of Empire, 1660-1750 o Rebellion and War, 1660-1713 ? Before Restoration (1660), England made little attempt to weld colonies ? Royal Centralization, 1660-1688 †¢ Restoration monarchs disliked representative government †¢ Charles II rarely called parliament into session after 1674, and none after 1681 †¢ James II wanted to rule as absolute monarch o Meant he would never face an elected legislation †¢ These 2 kings had little sympathy for Am.   RI, and Plymouth into Dominion of New Eng. o 1688= NY and the Jerseys came in o Sir Edmund Andros became governor of Dominion of New Eng. ? The Glorious Revolution in England and America, 1688-1689 †¢ Charles II converted to Catholicism on deathbed †¢ Eng. olerated James’ conversion to Catholicism b/c his heirs (Mary and Anne) were Anglican †¢ Bloodless revolution of 1688=Glorious revolution o Created limited monarchy in Eng. ? Promised to summon parliament once a yr. , sign all its bills, and respect traditional civil liberties o William and Mary (now king and queen of eng. after they overthrew James) dismantled Dominion of New Eng. o NY rebelled with Leisler’s Rebellion ? The Enlightenment †¢ In 1750 the Enlightenment’s greatest contributions to Am. life still lay in the future. A quarter-century later, Anglo-Am. drew on the enlightenment’s revolutionary ideas as they declared their independence from Britain and created the foundations of a new nation †¢ It was an age of optimism, tempered by the realistic recognition of the sad state of the human condition and the need for major reforms. The Enlightenment was less a set of ideas than it was a set of attitudes. At its core was a critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals. ? The Great Awakening †¢ In New England, the Great Awakening was influential among many Congregationalists †¢ In the Middle and Southern colonies, the Awakening was influential among Presbyterians and other dissenting Protestants. †¢ A time of increased religious activity. The revival began with Jonathan Edwards, a well-educated theologian and Congregationalist minister from Northampton, Massachusetts, who came from Puritan and Calvinist roots, but emphasized the importance and power of immediate, personal religious experience. †¢ Edwards’ sermons were powerful and attracted a large following. o Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, is his most famous sermon. †¢ The Methodist preacher George Whitefield, visiting from England, continued the movement, traveling across the colonies and preaching in a more dramatic and emotional style, accepting everyone into his audiences.

The Holistic Assessment of a Patient Admitted to a Hospital :: Nursing Medical Papers Surgery

The purpose of this essay is to describe the holistic assessment of a 66 year old male patient who has been admitted to hospital for bowel surgery following the diagnosis of a cancerous tumor. The operation will result in the patient having a part of his bowel removed after which the patient will require a colostomy bag for the elimination of feces (see patient profile in appendix 1 for further details). A Pseudonym will be used to protect the patient’s confidentiality and he will be referred to as ‘Peter’ in this essay which is in line with the nurses’ code of conduct guidelines (NMC 2002). The process of the assessment will be described along with the nursing model chosen. The nursing model gives the student nurse a framework to help direct and guide her throughout the assessment process (Aggleton and Chalmers, 2000). The Roper, Tierney and Logan model (1986) has been chosen as it is the model the ward follows for all assessment procedures. The assessment process using the Roper, Tierney and Logan model is holistic because it relates to the study of the human being as a whole rather than its individual parts. A holistic view point includes two basic beliefs: 1) The individual always responds as a unified whole, 2) Individuals as a whole are different from and more than the sum of their parts (Pearson, Vaughan and Fitzgerald, 2000). Thus the assessment process would not be as accurate if you concentrated on individual systems or parts of the human body. This holistic approach takes into consideration the biological, social and cultural factors that will affect the outcome of the assessment. The nursing process was introduced as a method of nursing that concerns itself with individual’s physical, social and psychological reactions to disease, and which takes into account that the patient is a member of society, which may affect his reaction to disease (Faulkner, 1996). The nursing process is a sequence of steps (Person, Vaughan and Fitzgerald, 1997) passed through in order to achieve the

How are The Characters Presented at the start of A View From The Bridge Essay

The play opens with the introduction of Alfieri. He is shown to have the role of a chorus: a bridging character between the audience and the characters. The chorus tends to exist almost outside the play, as they know the outcome of the play, and is rarely part of the main action; their purpose in a play is to address the audience and help them to interpret action and they are a common feature in tragedy. The significance of Alfieri is that he alludes to the title and is the one giving us the â€Å"View From the Bridge†. Alfieri is described as being a â€Å"portly lawyer in his fifties†. Since he is a lawyer it is safe to assume that he is somewhat wealthy, as shown by the fact that he is portly, however it also hints towards the outcome of the play. As stated by Alfieri â€Å"to see a lawyer †¦ is unlucky. We’re only thought of in connection with disasters† foreshadowing the future events of the play. This idea is furthered when Alfieri says that he was â€Å"powerless to stop it (Eddie’s tale)†. The word powerless implies that the events Alfieri is describing are fated to happen and are inevitable, another trope of tragedy. Additionally Alfieri states that many people were â€Å"justly shot by unjust men† referring to the traditional Italian justice system which focussed heavily on honour and revenge. Unlike a conventional justice system this was ‘enforced’ by the community and the phrase Alfieri says is a comment on how people were being rightfully punished by others just as bad as them. As Eddie enters the house he is greeted by Catherine and they begin to start a conversation about her new clothes. As the conversation progresses Eddie begins to show his dislike for Catherine’s new appearance by telling her she’s â€Å"walking wavy† and mentioning her high heels. The fact that Catherine is described as â€Å"walking wavy† shows that she is maturing as a woman, also shown by her possession of high heels, and Eddies discomfort at this can be chalked up to parental concern. However it could also be said that Eddie is uncomfortable with the idea of Catherine growing up, as shown by the fact that he makes her gradually younger in his head starting at â€Å"Catherine† and ending at â€Å"baby†, and that he is jealous towards the other men and that he is unsure how he feels about her. The parental concern idea is added onto later on when Eddie says that he is â€Å"responsible for you (Catherine)† showing that he feels as though he is obligated to protect her and keep her from harm. Additionally when Catherine tells Eddie of her new job he tells her that it â€Å"ain’t what I wanted†. While this can once again be chalked up to Eddie’s parental concern for Catherine and his desire for her to finish school it seems as if the underlying message is that Eddie wants to control Catherine into doing things that he deems as acceptable rather than giving her the freedom to choose her own life. Eddie’s wish for Catherine to not pursue the job offer she had been given might be explained by the fact that he sees her as the â€Å"Madonna type†. At the time the play was set to be the Madonna type was to be morally and sexually pure, in reference to the Virgin Mary. The fact that Eddie says that she is â€Å"the Madonna type† shows that he is idealising her to an extreme and is also idolising her; he sees her at an impossibly high standard which she has no hope of actually being. Now it could be seen once again as a sort of parental pride for their child to be the Madonna type or it could be interpreted at Eddie seeing her as pure for him, further hinting to the romantic undertones in their relationship. From the moment Beatrice enters the stage it is clear what her role is and where her importance lies. She is seen entering â€Å"wiping her hands with a towel†, it is clear from this point on that Beatrice will have a very domestic role and that within the story she plays the part of a housewife. Additionally what is also made clear is that the relationship between Beatrice and Eddie is not quite perfect. When the news is broken to her that her cousins have arrived in the country Beatrice, quite understandable, is moved to tears. Eddie responds to this by asking her â€Å"what you cryin’ about?† a very unsympathetic response. The question that Eddie poses might imply that on some level he is unable to understand Beatrice’s feelings and that there might be some dysfunction in their relationship. This is demonstrated when she asks Eddie if he’s â€Å"gonna keep her (Catherine) in the house all her life†. This remark from Beatrice shows that she sees the unfair way that Eddie is keeping Catherine in the house and brings to light Eddie’s controlling manner but it could also imply that Beatrice is feeling jealousy towards Catherine, as she is getting all the attention from Eddie, and wants her out of the house. When Catherine returns later on she brings Eddie his cigar and proceeds to light it for him. In the period this play was set, to lighting a man’s cigar was seen as a romantic gesture done between two lovers. This gesture could be interpreted in a sexual manner is the cigar is seen as representing a phallic object. This whole scene serves to hammer in the fact that there is more to Eddie and Catherine’s relationship than there appears to be on the surface. Just after Catherine leaves Eddie asks Beatrice why she’s mad at him, she proceeds to say, â€Å"who’s mad? †¦ I’m not mad †¦ you’re the one is mad.† clearly implying that she is in fact mad. This shows the dysfunction in their relationship caused by Catherine, who is oblivious to the whole thing. The fight was caused by the fact that Catherine went to retrieve Eddie’s cigars which is traditionally a wife’s role. Beatrice’s anger to this shows the jealousy she feels and her frustration due to the fact that Eddie and Catherine do not even realise what is going on. However Catherine might have some clue as to how she’s making Beatrice feel when she is described as speaking â€Å"almost guiltily† after light the cigar. While her guilt might be due to the fact that she hadn’t helped Beatrice clean up the dishes, guilt would be a rather strong emotion to feel for such a small act. What is more likely is that Catherine has realised that she had come in the way of an act that Beatrice should’ve done and is trying to atone for that by helping to clean the dishes.

Sodium Channels In Dental Pulp Health And Social Care Essay

The dental mush is surrounded by the dental difficult tissue, which is a physical barrier against pathogen and hurt. The mush and dentin are frequently discussed together as one functional unit ; the pulpodentin composite. Pulp is capable to lucubrate dentin. The permeable belongingss of dentin regulate the diffusion rate of thorns that can originate pulpal redness. Pulp contains vascularity and several nervus supplies. Blood vass in pulpal tissue are for alimentary supply and cellular enlisting, while nervousnesss in pulpal tissue are for dental sensitiveness and defence response following hurt either from dental cavities or injury. The dental mush has a low capacity for defence or fix responses because of the damage of an equal blood supply and cellular enlisting following dental hurt ( 1 ) . Several surveies have shown that the pulpal excitation plays an of import function in both defence and fix responses ( 2-4 ) . Therefore, in this reappraisal article, we focuses on the pulpal excitation in the response to pulpal hurt as mentioned below. 1.1 Normal excitation in lasting and primary tooth mush Pulpodentin composite in both lasting and primary dentitions is highly rich in excitations, as shown in the survey of Rodd and Boissonade ( 5 ) ( figure 1 ) , which influence the defence reactions in the connective tissue of the mush. These excitations consist of centripetal nervus fibres, sympathetic nervus fibres, and parasympathetic nervus fibres. The centripetal nervus fibres are the major excitation in the dental mush of both lasting and primary dentitions. They originate from trigeminal ganglion, in which centrally terminate in the spinal trigeminal karyon and peripheral base on balls through the apical hiatuss to innervate the coronal mush. At the peripheral portion into the coronal mush, they diverge, subdivision, and terminate as free nervus terminations in the odontoblast beds, subodontoblastic rete, predentin, in the interior 0.1 millimeter of dentin or along blood vass as shown in Byers ‘s survey ( 6 ) ( figure 2 ) . There are three subgroups of centripetal excitation in dental mush based on its size, its conductivity speed, and its map. First, A-? nervus fibres, the moderate-sized medullated fibres, are the smallest population of centripetal nervus fibres that are sensitive to mechanical stimulations such as hydrodynamic, percussion and motion force. Second, the little myelinated A-? nervus fibres can be seen m uch greater in dental mush. Finally, the largest part of centripetal nervus fibres is the unmyelinated, slow carry oning C fibres. Both A-? and C fibres are classified as the nociceptive which respond to noxious stimulations. The centripetal nervus fibres besides involve in dentinal fluid kineticss, vasoregulation and protective physiological reaction against dental hurts ( 7-9 ) . They provide verve of the dental mush by interacting with other pulpal cells, such as odontoblasts, immunocompetent cells, and blood vass. The old survey in rat theoretical accounts indicated that the centripetal nervus fibres in dental mush play an of import function in endurance of mush tissue. In that survey, they demonstrated that dentition with centripetal denervation had greater loss of mush tissue than those with excitation ( 4 ) . The sympathetic nervus fibres are sparse in dental mush of both lasting and primary dentitions. They are from superior cervical ganglion, located along the blood vass in deeper mush and involved in vasoconstriction. The other group of pulpal excitation in lasting and primary dentitions is parasympathetic nervus fibres, which play functions in ordinance of pulpal blood flow but are much less of import than the other two nervus fibres mentioned before. During the ripening and aging in lasting dentitions, dental mush becomes narrower with the deposition of third dentin and dead piece of lands, which are usually no excitation. With increasing loss of primary dentin, tooth excitation decreases as shown by the decrease in look of neuropeptides and their receptors in the dental mush ( 9, 10 ) . Several surveies demoing the distribution of nervus fibres in dental mush normally used protein cistron merchandise 9.5 ( PGP9.5 ) , a soluble protein isolated from encephalons, as a marker of nervus fibres. PGP9.5 staining appears to be dependable in responding with nervus fibres in several surveies with different techniques: immunohistochemistry ( 11 ) , immunoblotting ( 12 ) , immunocytochemistry ( 13-15 ) and immunofluorescence ( 5, 15, 16 ) . The centripetal excitations of primary dentitions differ in measure from those of lasting dentitions, in which the centripetal excitations of lasting dentitions are greater than primary dentitions ( 5, 13, 17 ) . Due to the outstanding map of centripetal nervus fibres in hurting transmittal, hence, several research workers hypothesized that the primary dentitions have less sensitiveness than the lasting dentition since the primary dentitions have less centripetal excitations. However, a old survey revealed different consequences in centripetal excitations between primary and lasting dentition ( 18 ) . In that survey, centripetal nervus supply in primary human dentition differs from lasting dentitions in two ways. First, the distribution of excitations within the Crown of primary dentitions were highest at cervical, while the lasting dentitions were dumbly supplied in the pulpal horn dentin. Second, the roots of primary dentin were peculiarly innervated at the cervical terminals of ro ots, but the roots of lasting dentin were virtually uninnervated. In add-on, physiologic root reabsorption does non impact histological construction and overall excitation of primary dentitions ( 19, 20 ) . Figure 1 shows the excitations in coronal mush of primary ( A ) and lasting ( B ) homo dentition. ( With permission of †¦ ) ( 5 ) Figure 2 shows the expiration o centripetal nervus fibres as free nervus terminations in the odontoblast beds ( OB ) , subodontoblastic rete ( rete of Raschkow: PI ) , predentin ( PD ) , in the interior 0.1 millimeter of dentin ( D ) or along blood vass. ( With permission of †¦ ) ( 1 ) 1.2 Sensory neuropeptides in dental mush The centripetal nervus fibres in dental mush are afferent fibres involved preponderantly in hurting perceptual experience. The terminuss of centripetal nervus fibres contain neuropeptides, synthesized neurotransmitter proteins from nerve cells. These peptidergic nerve cells are associated with neurogenic redness, caused by utmost stimulations such as dental cavities, boring, examining of the open dentin, or percussion of the dentition, in order to supply the verve of dental mush ( 21 ) . Dymanical alterations in peptidergic nerve cells occur during redness by extended germination. These germinations result in increased possible sites of neuropeptide incorporating fibres and accordingly released neuropeptides ( 3, 13, 14, 22-24 ) . Neuropeptides can non traverse cell membranes, so they trigger biological effects by triping their receptors located on the plasma membrane of the mark cells and they are quickly degraded by the enzymes in mush tissue after exercising the effects ( 25 ) . F unctions of centripetal neuropeptides are multiple and variable. They could move as neurotransmitters, growing factors, endocrines, vasoregulators, immune system and signaling molecules. It is known that neuropeptides contribute to advance neurogenic redness, control of pulpal blood flow, and affect in hurting mechanisms of pulpodentin composite ( 26 ) . Several surveies demonstrated that neuropeptides can modulate vascular smooth musculus, addition in vascular permeableness, and besides modulate immunosystem ( 8, 26, 27 ) . The centripetal neuropeptides in lasting and primary tooth mush consist of calcitonin gene-related peptides ( CGRP ) , substance P ( SP ) and neurokinin A ( NKA ) ( 26, 28 ) . Summary of the beginning, localisation, stimulation and biological effects from centripetal neuropeptides in dental mush are summarized in table 1. 1.3 Nervous reactions to pulpal hurts When dental mush is injured, the altered conditions activate nervus fibres to bring on neurogenic redness, which is a procedure of stimuli-induced neuropeptides release, alteration in vascular permeableness and the enlisting of immunocompetent cells. The neurogenic redness can take to mending procedure ( 26, 29 ) . Several surveies have demonstrated the neurogenic redness happening in the dental mush following dental hurt. For illustration: the sensory ( 13, 30, 31 ) and sympathetic ( 2 ) nervus fibres shooting were found in inflamed dental mush. Byers and co-workers ( 32 ) demonstrated the variable grade of centripetal nervus fibres shooting correlated with assorted grade of hurt to dental mush of rat theoretical accounts. In that survey, mild hurt, e.g. shallow pits, caused an addition in CGRP-immunoreactive fibres, and those shooting CGRP-nerve fibres subsided within 21 yearss. The deeper pits were more injured to dental mush and leaded to microabscess with more legion subdivision s of centripetal nervus fibres shooting underneath. The shooting fibres had taken longer clip to lessen and the reparative dentin was substituted in those pulpal hurts microabscess. When the hurt theoretical accounts were the exposure of dental mush, several defensive reactions could be found, in such as mush polyps, curdling mortification and liquefying mortification. In those terrible pulpal hurts, the CGRP-immunoreactive fibres were found shooting following to the boundary line of defensive reactions and the axons were found to piece in the nucleus of lasting mush. As we have mentioned before, due to increased possible sites of neuropeptides release and the function of centripetal neuropeptides in hurting mechanism, the germination of centripetal nervus fibres following redness may change cytochemical reactions in the dental mush and contribute to the altered efficaciousness of local anaesthesia.2. The look of Na channels in dental mush and their relation to dental inflammatory h urtingThe voltage-gated Na channels ( VGSCs ) are complex transmembrane pores that are responsible in depolarisation, peculiarly the raising stage of the action potency. They are found in excitable cells, such as nerve cells, myocytes ( 33 ) and some types of glia cells ( 34 ) . VGSCs unfastened within a msec in response to electrical alteration across the membrane to let Na ions influx and cause the increased neural membrane potency. Then, they terminate within unextended periods of clip to obstruct the Na ions flow and the nerve cells enter repolarization phase by the allowance of K ions influx at the neural membrane. After shutting, VGSCs return to resting province and are available to reopen in response to new moving ridge of electrical alteration. Therefore, VGSCs contribute to the finding of neural irritability and besides play the function in the extension of nervus urges. During hurts or redness, VGSCs in primary centripetal nerve cells are continuously activated and the uni nterrupted activation of VGSCs gives rise to motiveless self-generated action potency activity, that eventually cause uninterrupted hurting ( 35 ) . The Na channel is the selective filter composed of 1 big uninterrupted protein, ?-subunit and 1 or 2 smaller proteins, ?-subunits. The ?-subunits, a 220-260 kD polypeptide, contain a functional portion of ion channel including electromotive force detector, ion pore, activation, and inactivation gate. The ?-subunits modulate the maps of the ?-subunits and stabilise them to the plasma membrane. In mammals, 9 cistrons have been identified to encode VGSC ?-subunits into 9 isoforms depend on amino acid sequence homology and familial location. Each isoform differs in map such as tissue distribution, electrophysiological belongingss, pharmacological belongingss, and response to steel hurt and redness. Furthermore, each one is associated with the assortment of receptor molecules to modulate the irritability of nociceptors, so there are diversified procedures of nervus impulse extension depending on the nowadays of sodium channel ?-subunit isoform, for illustration, changing in opening thresh olds, opening clip length, sum of inactivation clip, or rate of isoform passage from closed inactivated province to the resting close province ( 36 ) . VGSCs can be functionally classified depending on the standards used, as shown in table 2, and the belongingss of each VGSC ?-subunit isoforms are summarized in table 3. In physiological status, the centripetal nerve cells in dorsal root ganglion ( DRG ) and trigeminal ganglion express both TTX-sensitive ( TTX-S ) and TTX-resistant ( TTX-R ) Na channels. The most population of centripetal nerve cells is mechanoreceptive with rapid-inactivating TTX-S Na channels. The little population is nociceptive, showing a mixture of rapid-inactivating TTX-S and slow-inactivating TTX-R Na channels. During the inflammatory procedure, inflammatory go-betweens lower the threshold of activation and increase the irritability of TTX-R in primary centripetal nerve cells, contribute to neural hyperexcitability ( 37 ) . Furthermore, there is the altered look of both TTX-S and TTX-R VGSCs in inflamed peripheral tissues ( 36, 38 ) . These alterations lead to increased hurting provinces. In dental mush, the quickly inactivating, TTX-S Na currents have been detected in civilized human alveolar consonant mush cells ( 39 ) . The writer suggested that the chief beginning of these Na currents were from neural orbiter cells, non odontogenic cells, because odontoblastic procedure of odontoblasts that steadfastly embedded themselves to the dentin and do non allowed these cells to be explanted. On the other manus, the in vitro survey of Allard and co-workers ( 40 ) found that odontoblasts expressed voltage-gated TTX-S currents which has capableness to bring forth action potency, but TTX-R Na currents has non been detected. Henry and co-worker ( 41 ) found no alteration in overall Na channels look in painful human alveolar consonant mush. But when concentrating on the feature of nodal sites, the measure of untypical nodal sites, including the Na channel look at these countries was found to be increased, while the typical nodal sites and Na channel accretion at these countries was found to be decreased. This survey showed that redness caused the demyelinating procedure and remodeling of the form of Na channel accretion. Many surveies supported the survey of Henry and co-worker. They revealed an addition in the look of NaV1.7 ( 16 ) , NaV1.8 ( 11, 12 ) and NaV1.9 ( 42 ) in dental mush with irreversible pulpitis comparison to dental mush of non-painful dentitions. NaV1.6 has besides been found in dental mush of both worlds and rats ( 43 ) , but its map in pulpal redness remains ill-defined. Not merely VGSCs isoforms, but besides epithelial Na channel, which is non-VGSC have been found in dental mush. The l ook of each Na channel isoform in dental mush is as described below. NaV1.6 is a TTX-sensitive VGSC isoform remarkably expresses at nodes of Ranvier, although assorted sodium channel isoforms are located within the PNS and CNS. Its map has been suggested to be an electrical conductivity in both myelinated and unmyelinated axons ( 44 ) . The look of NaV1.6 in human lasting tooth mush has been reported in the survey of Luo and co-workers ( 45 ) utilizing immunocytochemistry that there was no important difference in the look of NaV1.6 in normal and painful mush, despite an addition in the proportion of untypical nodes of Ranvier and an lessening in typical nodal sites in painful mush. The survey in rat theoretical accounts utilizing immunohistochemistry and dual immunofluorescence ( 43 ) has found that NaV1.6 expressed in pulpal immune cells, dendritic pulpal cells, and even in odontoblasts. This may propose the function of NaV1.6 in these cells. In contrast to the survey of Luo and co-workers ( 45 ) , mush tissue of injured rat dentitions in this survey showed the addition in NaV1.6 immunoreactive cells, preponderantly around the injured site and dilated blood vass. NaV1.7 is the TTX-sensitive VGSC isoform that was widely studied. It has been identified in the sympathetic nerve cells and little and average size centripetal nerve cells of DRG, which include nociceptive nerve cells. For the electrophysiological facet, NaV1.7 is quickly activated, quickly inactivated and easy recovered from fast activation, so it plays an of import function in puting the threshold for coevals of action potencies in peripheral nociceptive nerve cells ( 35 ) . NaV1.7 is markedly involved in comprehending hurting esthesis. As evidenced in the patients with loss-of-function mutant in SCN9A cistron, a cistron that encodes NaV1.7, those who have loss of NaV1.7 map are unable to see hurting ( 46, 47 ) . In add-on, patients with inborn hurting syndrome who have an change in NaV1.7 map have increased hurting sensitiveness associated with hydrops, inflammation and heat, proposing the function of NaV1.7 in chronic inflammatory hurting ( 48 ) . In dental mush of human lasting dentition, the upregulation of NaV1.7 look has besides been reported in painful pulpitis under immunohistochemical method ( 49 ) , every bit good as immunocytochemical method ( 16 ) , which has demonstrated the increased look of NaV1.7 isoform at typical and untypical nodal sites. The VGSC ?-subunit isoform 1.8 ( NaV1.8 ) and VGSC ?-subunit isoform 1.9 ( NaV1.9 ) , the slower TTX-R constituents, are unusually found in little unmyelinated centripetal nerve cells that have been identified as nociceptive nerve cells ( 36 ) . NaV1.8 has a high activation threshold, slow inactivation dynamicss and contribute to electrogenesis of action potency in C-type peripheral nerve cells of mice theoretical accounts ( 50 ) . NaV1.9 activates at potencies near resting membrane potency and generates comparatively relentless current ( 51 ) . Both TTX-R signifiers: NaV1.8, NaV1.9, are believed to be involved in the drawn-out continuance of action potency in response to painful stimulations and have been found to upregulate during inflammatory hurting ( 38, 52, 53 ) . Therefore, these sodium channel isoforms might be a new mark for intervention of inflammatory hurting. The different belongingss of NaV1.8 and NaV1.9 are as following. NaV1.8 currents have slow activation rate and fas t inactivation rate. The function of NaV1.8 in electrogenesis is to find action potency of nerve cells due to slower inactivation rates. The steady-state electromotive force dependance of inactivation contributes to bring forth action possible even at depolarisation province. NaV1.9 currents are alone and can be activated at electromotive force near the resting membrane potency and can bring forth relentless currents. Then, NaV1.9 can be easy activated, lend to puting of the threshold of activation, and can stay opening for longer clip than NaV1.8 ( 35, 36, 54 ) . Previous surveies utilizing antisense for NaV1.8 utilizing oligodeoxynucleotides ( 53, 55 ) and NaV1.8-null mice ( 56 ) have shown that NaV1.8 plays a function in inflammatory hurting and neuropathic hurting. NaV1.9 channels besides have a function in inflammatory hurting but non in neuropathic hurting ( 57, 58 ) . Localization of NaV1.8 in human dentitions with painful pulpitis has been investigated utilizing immunohistochemical method ( 11 ) . It has been found that NaV1.8-immunoreactive nervus fibres were localized in subodontoblastic bed of both healthy and inflamed mush tissue. However, the sensing of NaV1.8-immunoreactive fibres was much more seen in the inflamed dental mush. Furthermore, the upregulation of NaV1.8 has been reported utilizing the immmunoblotting method that has been used to quantify the protein degrees of NaV1.8 in inflamed human lasting tooth mush comparison to healthy mush ( 12 ) . The immunofluorescent survey has revealed that non merely the predominant NaV1.6, but besides NaV1.8 has presented at the nodes of Ranvier in the radicular portion of healthy human lasting tooth mush ( 59 ) . This determination has suggested the coexistence of multiple Na channel isoforms in these countries that may alter in the degrees of look during the inflammatory period and contribute to increased hurting position. For NaV1.9, the probe in rat theoretical accounts has revealed the excitations of NaV1.9-immunoreactive fibres in the lip tegument and dental mush of non-painful dentitions, proposing the function of this VGSC isoform in orofacial hurting ( 60 ) . Equally good as the other Na channel mentioned above, the immunocytochemical method has reported the increased look of NaV1.9 in the axons of diagnostic pulpitis of human lasting tooth ( 42 ) . Epithelial Na channel ( ENaC ) protein is a member of degenerins household ( DEG ) , which is a big protein household of diverse maps, such as Na ion conveyance, acerb esthesis, proprioception, and mechanosensation ( 61 ) . Differing from VGSCs which consist of ?- and ?- fractional monetary unit, ENaC consists of four fractional monetary units: ? , ? , ? and ? fractional monetary unit ( 62 ) . Merely ? , ? and ? fractional monetary units of ENaC has been indicated in mechanoreceptors in trigeminal ganglion of rat theoretical accounts with a possible map in mechanotransduction ( 63 ) . ENaC? has been identified in the terminal Schwann cells associated with the periodontic Ruffini terminations in the periodontic ligament of the rat incisors and believed to be a cardinal molecule for mechanosensation in chew ( 64 ) . There has besides been the ENaC in rat dental mush tissue, as being seen by immunohistochimistry ( 65 ) . In this survey, the ?ENaC and ?ENaC-immunoreactive fibres have app eared in trigeminal ganglion nerve cells, periodontic ligament, deep bed of unwritten mucous membrane, inferior alveolar nervus fibres, radicular mush and subodontoblastic rete of rat grinders mush tissue. The localisation of ?ENaC in dental mush was largely at myelinated nervus fibres which are sensitive to mechanical stimulations, while it was largely barren at unmyelinated nociceptive axons. There have been the efforts to detect new substances for Na channel blockers for the intervention of both neuropathic and inflammatory hurting. Lidocaine, normally used anaesthetics, is one of those with non-specific barricading belongings. Scholz and co-workers reported that TTX-R channels are more immune to lidocaine than TTX-S in rat theoretical accounts ( 66 ) . In contrast to Scholz survey, other surveies in rat theoretical accounts reported TTX-R channels are more sensitive to lidocaine than TTX-S Na channels ( 67, 68 ) . Until now, the specific VGSC isoforms that are the jobs in anaesthetic failure is still controverted. The usage of combination between for good charged Lidocaine ( N-ethyl-lidocaine ) and capsaicin, an agonist for the transient receptor possible vanilloid 1 ( TRPV1 ) , in rat theoretical accounts has been reported ( 69 ) . The writers claimed the advantage of this regimen over the usage of apparent local anaesthetic agents in non doing the shortage in motor an d autonomic nervus map, but it required further survey. Isoflurane, an inhalating anaesthetic agent, was besides proved to barricade TTX-s every bit good as NaV1.8 currents in rats ( 70 ) . Eugenol, the broad usage agent in dental clinic, had ability to suppress both TTX-R and TTX-S Na ion currents in rats and had the consequence on nociceptive, every bit good as non-nociceptive fibres ( 71, 72 ) . Hence, eugenol may be another good pick to be an analgetic and anaesthetic agents used in dental intervention. In add-on to those mentioned above, the Na channel barricading efficaciousness of assortment opioid derived functions has been studied. This survey found that tramadol, Fentanyl and sufentanil had sodium channel barricading ability particularly in slow-activation Na channel isoform, while morphia did non ( 73 ) . The specific Na channel blockers have been improved but they are limited to specific NaV1.8 blockers, such as ?O-conotoxin MrVIB from Conus Marmoreus ( 74 ) , a little m olecule antisense oligonucleotide ( A-803467 ) ( 75, 76 ) and 5-Aryl-2-furfuramides ( 77 ) . Unfortunately, despite many researches about Na channel blockers, none of Na channel barricading agents is considered to be effectual and safe plenty to utilize in homo. Further surveies for the new coevals of hurting intervention are still needed. In decision, dental hurting is a important wellness job. Although several voltage-gated Na channel isoforms, every bit good as an epithelial Na channel, have been identified in dental mush with different location and map, merely NaV1.7, NaV1.8 and NaV1.9 serve as a cardinal function in inflammatory mush. These sodium channel isoforms are suggested to be the possible marks for the fresh hurting intervention of pulpal redness and to seek for fresh anaesthetics in the intervention of painful pulpitis.

New Horizons in the Outer Solar System

New Horizons in the Outer Solar System The outer solar system  is  the region of space  beyond the planet Neptune,  and the last frontier. The Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft have passed beyond the orbit of Neptune, but have not encountered any more worlds. That all changed with the  New Horizons mission.  The spacecraft spent 10 years flying out to Pluto, and then swept past the ​dwarf planet  on July 14, 2015. It not only looked at Pluto and its five  known moons, but the spacecrafts cameras mapped part of the surface. Other instruments concentrated on finding out more about the atmosphere. New Horizons mages  show that Pluto has a complex surface  with icy plains made of nitrogen ice, surrounded by jagged mountains consisting mostly of water ice. It turns out that Pluto was far more fascinating than anyone expected!   Now that it has passed Pluto, New Horizons  will explore the Kuiper Belt - a region of the solar system that stretches out beyond the planet Neptune and  populated with so-called  Kuiper Belt Objects  (KBOs). The best-known KBOs are  dwarf planets  Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, Eris, and Haumea.  The mission has been approved to visit another dwarf planet called 2014 MU69, and will sweep past it on January 1, 2018. Luckily, this little world lies right along the missions flight path.   In the far distant future,  New Horizons  will enter the fringes of the Oort Cloud (the shell of icy particles that surrounds the solar system, named for  astronomer Jan Oort).   After that, it will traverse space forever.   New Horizons:ItsEyes and Ears New Horizons  science instruments were designed to answer questions about Pluto, such as: what does its surface look like? What surface features does it have, such as impact craters or canyons, or mountains?  Whats in its atmosphere? Lets take a look at the spacecraft and its specialized eyes and ears that have shown us so much about Pluto.   Ralph:  a high-resolution mapper with visible and infrared cameras to gather data that will help create very good maps of Pluto and Charon. Alice:  an imaging spectrometer sensitive to ultraviolet light, and built to probe Pluto’s atmosphere. A spectrometer separates light into its wavelengths, like a prism does. Alice  works to produce an image of the target at each wavelength, and will be able to study the â€Å"airglow† at Pluto. Airglow happens when gases in the atmosphere are excited (heated). Alice will track light from a distant star or the Sun through Pluto’s atmosphere to pick out wavelengths of light absorbed by Plutos air, which tells us what the atmosphere contains. REX:  short for radio experiment. It contains sophisticated electronics and is part of the radio telecommunications system. It can measure the weak radio emission from Pluto, and take the temperature of its night side.   LORRI:  the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager,a telescope with a 8.2-inch (20.8-centimeter) aperture that focuses visible light onto a charge coupled device (CCD). Near the time of closest approach, LORRI was built to look at Plutos surface at football-field size resolution.You can see some early images from LORRI here. Pluto travels through the solar wind, a stream of charged particles sweeping out from the Sun. So, New Horizons has the Solar Wind Around Pluto (SWAP) detector to measure charged particles from the solar wind to determine whether Pluto has a magnetosphere (a zone of protection created by its magnetic field) and how fast the Plutonian atmosphere is escaping. New Horizons has another plasma-sensing instrument called the Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation (PEPSSI). It will search for neutral atoms that escape Plutos atmosphere and subsequently become charged by their interaction with the solar wind. New Horizons involved college students from the University of Colorado as builders of the Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter, which counts and measures the sizes of dust particles in interplanetary space.

Using Perl Chr() and Ord() Functions

Using Perl Chr() and Ord() Functions The Perl programming languages  chr() and ord() functions are used to convert characters into their ASCII or Unicode values and vice versa. Chr() takes an ASCII or Unicode value and returns the equivalent character, and ord() performs the reverse operation by converting a character to its numeric  value.   Perl Chr() Function The chr() function returns the character represented by the number specified. For example: #!/usr/bin/perl print chr (33) print /n; print chr (36) print /n; print chr (46) print /n; When this code is executed, it produces this result: ! $ Note: The characters from 128 to 255  are by default not encoded as UTF-8 for backward compatibility reasons. Perls Ord() Function The ord() function does the opposite. It takes a character and converts it into its ASCII or Unicode numeric value. #!/usr/bin/perl print ord (A); print /n; print ord  (a); print /n; print ord  (B); print /n; When executed, this returns: 65 97 66 You can confirm the results are accurate  by checking an ASCII Code Lookup Table online. About Perl Perl was created in the mid-80s, so it was a mature programming language long before websites exploded in popularity. Perl  was originally designed for text processing, and it is compatible with HTML and other markup languages, so it quickly became popular with website developers. Perls strength lies in its ability to interact with its environment and its cross-platform compatibility. It can easily open and manipulate many files within the same program.

HOW TOURISM CAN LEAD TO MIGRATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

HOW TOURISM CAN LEAD TO MIGRATION - Essay Example These recent changes in the earlier mentioned aspects are influencing people to travel. It will also help to examine the positive and negative factors playing in the socio-economical environment front of the city due to the issue of migrant workers. The main goal of the study is to find answers for the research questions. It will be achieved mainly by interviewing participants of two different locations London and Poland to learn new theories and ideas about this issue. In addition, researches should be conducted in near future about the global, local and regional policy making including the issues like society expectations, migration issues, rules and regulations as well as locals attitudes toward worldwide travellers. This will certainly help in better understanding of the subject how tourism influences travellers to become a migrant. CONTENTS PAGE 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction..................................................................................................p.4 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Methodology.................................................................................................p.6 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Literature Review 3.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tourism................................................................................................p.9 3.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tourism and Migration.......................................................................p.10 3.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Migration.............................................................................................p.11 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Results and Analysis 4.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Migration and European Union...........................................................p.12 4.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poland and London case......................................................................p.14 4.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Labour work.........................................................................................p.17 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discussions an d Conclusions.......................................................................p.19 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  References ...................................................................................................p.22 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Appendices...................................................................................................p.25 INTRODUCTION The world today has become smaller considering the huge improvement in transport that it has witnessed in last 100 years. Travelling from one part to another is less time consuming and less hectic. Again in last two or three decades globalization has spread through the world and that has followed a path of liberalization that has relaxed the boundaries between the countries. This particular phenomenon has fuelled both tourism and migration (here migration stands for immigration). Before moving into further details a brief definition and discussion on both these phenomenon might be felt necessary. As illustrated in literature Tourism, is a form of travelling for recreational, business or relaxation purpose (Chuck, 1997). Considering the phenomenal growth in tourists all over the world it is now considered as a very important social and economic incidence with significant impact

Violent Video Games are Harmful on Teenagers Research Paper

Violent Video Games are Harmful on Teenagers - Research Paper Example Before, parents worried about the presence of danger in their surroundings. Nowadays, their problems have come home. There are now the dangers of the vast availability of violent news, movies and the current highly debated violent video games. Video games are not only available to adults but to children and teenagers as well. They are easily sold and bought online and for parents whose only dream is to provide for their children’s needs, who work hard and not spend enough time with their children; such situation becomes a threat to their family. One might ask why this should become a concern to parents and the community as a whole. As human beings, it is the responsibility of every individual to ensure a safe environment. Although one could not indeed eliminate all the dangers in the society, minimizing them is the most feasible remedy for a safe and peaceful world. One means of doing this is to ban all violent video games not only among children but also among teenagers becau se exposure to violence in something they enjoy encourages them to be violent. Violent video games are harmful on teenagers. There area a lot of arguments on whether video games are harmful on teenagers or not and this paper aims to prove that they are indeed harmful. What are violent video games in the first place? According to Liptak, the law defines them as those â€Å"in which the range of options available to a player includes killing, maiming, dismembering or sexually assaulting an image of a human being† in a way that is â€Å"patently offensive,† appeals to minors’ â€Å"deviant or morbid interests† and lacks â€Å"serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value† (nytimes.com). Justice Antonin Scalia seems to ridicule such definition with his statements, â€Å"What’s a deviant violent video game? As opposed to what? A normal violent video game? Some of the Grimm’s fairy tales are quite grim, are you going to ban the m, too?† (Liptak). Sure, the justice has a point however there are still a lot to consider about video games as compared to fairy tales and movies. Looking at the problem as it is can indeed seem to be simple but careful consideration will prove that this issue is not just a question about reading or seeing violence. First, as Justice Stephen G. Breyer said, â€Å"Common sense should allow the government to help parents protect children from games that include depictions of ‘gratuitous, painful, excruciating, torturing violence upon small children and women’† (Laptik). Before computers and video games, arguments have been about children’s exposure to violent television. Some researchers believe that a steady diet of violent television may change a child’s standards about violence- the child comes to see violence as more acceptable, more appropriate, and more prevalent in daily life (Bootzin, Bower, Zajone & Hall, 442). Observational learning h as such a great effect on children that the violence seen expressed by people, compounded by the violence seen on television, makes violence seem like a normal, daily affair. A person’s perception can be distorted by what he sees. â€Å"The significance of observational learning is highlighted by studies of the effects of televised violence. For example, the amount of violent content watched on television by eight-year-olds predicts aggressiveness in these children even fifteen years later† (Bernstein, Penner, Stewart, & Roy, 697). These are very significant in the study of the effects of violent video gam