The Modern Middle East - 641 Words

The Modern Middle East Student’s Name University The Modern Middle East The Middle East is a region of Western Asia and Egypt; some of the countries in this region are Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Iraq. According to Anderson, Seibert Wagner (2006), this region is of vast geo-economic importance and since ancient times, it has been a center of world affairs. This part matters to almost all superpowers. The geographic factors that contribute to the strategic importance of the Middle East are; trade routes, oil, terrain or geography, ideology, and faith. The Middle East has always been a destination for both tourists and entrepreneurs. One of the geostrategic success factors to the†¦show more content†¦Soviet ships and submarines debouched into the Mediterranean is controlled by the Turkish Dardanelles, according to Anderson William (2000). The rugged mountains landscape and miles of deserts from Caucasus to the Himalayas, in the Middle East, provide protection to the Middle East from any land invasion that would come from the Soviet republic. Military facilities and bases of the Soviet are closer to the Middle East; this implies that Soviet control of this region is of strategic importance as it shields the Middle East from the West. The geostrategic importance of Middle East is also derived from its psychological and political significance, Pollack (2011). It is a symbolic area serving as the center of the shrines of the three world’s greatest religions, Islam, Judaism, and Christianity. The influence of Islam extends from this region to Morocco and profound inside Africa. Therefore, Middle East has changed foreign policies of many world states. In conclusion, the strategic importance of Middle East benefits most if not all nations in the World. However, the parameters to measure this have to be in a globally extended framework. This means that any conflict, especially that which may between the West and the East, May ultimately spell the Middle East doom by defeating its strategic importance, Anderson William (2000). However, the Middle East is to maintain its geostrategic importance if foreign relations between the West and the East andShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Modern Nationalism And The Middle East1639 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay I will be discussing the role of modern nationalism and how this ideology affected the transition from colonial rule to independence in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, as well as the problems that plagued them since 1945, and how these different nations have solved them. I will be specifically concentrating on the nations of India, Algeria, and Iran. In the wake of World War Two, the power of Asian nationalism was irrepressible. Many new nations emerged all throughout this massiveRead MoreThe Impact Of Modern Public Sphere On The Middle East1322 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the 19th century the Middle East found themselves with a problem of establishing an identity or nationalism. Through defensive developmentalism the Middle East had sought to counter the imperialistic approach of the West, yet still begin to modernize their land. The world was developing rapidly and the Middle East wanted to ensure that they did not fall behind. However, the approach backfired and the Middle East found themselves struggling to establish their own modern identity and falling victimRead MoreModern Challenges Of The Middle East Around 4000 Years Ago Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pages Modern Challenges Shady Rizkalla REL/134 Mr. Firpo Carr January 6, 2016 Modern Challenges Judaism impelled in the Middle East around 4000 years ago (Brill, 2012). Abraham, who was Hebrew, is considered as the father of the Jewish confidence since he propped up the focal thought of the rule that there is one God. During the period, numerous individuals worshiped numerous divine beings particularly in the Middle East. Abraham and his wife Sarah had confidence in God in spite of the factRead MoreTransition From Empire to Modern State System in the Middle East1957 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: Middle East considers one of the most studied areas in the world due to its rich history of politics, social, economic, and its culture and civilization. Its borders are still arguable geographically, generally in the west it starts from morocco until Iran in the east, however, many scholars don’t agree on including Turkey either as a Middle Eastern or as a European country (Milton-Edwards, 2006. P: 4). The origin of the name was invented by the colonies as a necessity to describeRead MoreAnalysis Of James L Gelvin s Book, The Modern Middle East876 Words   |  4 PagesGelvin’s book, The Modern Middle East, he not only refers to this absolutism but also furthers it by using it in a historical construct. Gelvin replaces individuals with the collective and the collective here is nations. As human beings, we cannot neglect this absolute truth. Hence we cannot deny that the occurrence of one country occupying another, that country leaves its’ â€Å"footprint† on the other. Thusly, Gelvin’s crux is to challenge the reader’s notions of the Middle East by focusing on theRead MoreWestern Culture And Policies That Have Shaped The Modern World1523 Words   |  7 PagesWestern culture and policies have shaped the modern world, especially the Middle East, in many ways. Since the sixteenth century, the nations of Western civilization have been the driving wheels of modernization. Globalization is simply the spread of modern institutions and ideas from one high power to the wider world. Technological innovation and economic growth along with such concepts as democracy, individualism, and the rule of law administered by an impartial judiciary, set Western societiesRead MoreTradition And Heritage Of The Middle East1278 Words   |  6 Pagesheritage culture has been and remains prevalent throughout the Middle East. Two of those traditions or heritage cultures includes kinship and tribal affiliation. The two go hand and hand and is s een throughout a wide spread of the modern Middle East. As Americans, or any allies of the Middle East, it is important to understand the tribal system in order to interact with the Middle East. The purpose tribes serve in the modern Middle East is protection. This protection comes in many forms such as protectionRead MoreModern State Of Affairs : The Arab And Persian Worlds1257 Words   |  6 Pages MODERN STATE OF AFFAIRS â€Æ' Due to the ever increasing pressures of the surrounding world, the Arab and Persian worlds were disrupted through the processes of modernization. The reasons for these changes were not always for the Westernization of the state but rather for the adoption of selected European innovations, however, judicial practices and environmental interactions during this era of transformation were thoroughly disrupted in what was a disorienting and tumultuous experience for the peopleRead MoreThe Middle East1661 Words   |  7 PagesHaving set the benchmark of a modern civilization due to economic and industrial superiority, Western European powers had contemptuous feelings toward the Ottomans’ primitive regimes and their internal strife. In fact, the 17th and 18th centuries in the Middle East were periods marked by severe financial crisis, increased decentralization, and stronger external control by western nations. It was clear that members of Ottoman and Persian military and bureaucrat ic organizations needed to prove themselvesRead MoreMiddle Eastern Women Rights in Islamic Society1419 Words   |  6 PagesWomen Rights of the Middle East â€Å"Life is full of unhappiness and most of it caused by women (Harik and Marston 11)†. For women in the Middle East life is faced with great and unequal odds, as their human rights are limited, due to Islamic beliefs and that of patriarchy. From their daily actions at home to their physical appearance, Middle Eastern women are portrayed as quiet, faceless women veiled from head to toe. While this image is just another stereotype, women in the middle do face many obstacles

Plagiarism And Academic Integrity - 999 Words

Academic integrity is a set of coherent principles and values that each student should adhere to while pursuing a higher education. These values endorse the very mission of academics in its entirety. integrity, trustworthiness, hard-work, and persistence are all behaviors that interpret personal and professional attributes of Academic integrity (Missouri, 2017). Plagiarism plays a very detrimental part in violation these principles which can lead to serious consequences academically. Plagiarism have different meanings base upon understanding and knowledge of what plagiarism really means. Plagiarism is taking someone else’s text or statement and claim it to be your own and not giving credit to the original author (Sue Thompson,†¦show more content†¦, 2017). †¢ â€Å"Making a video using footage from others’ videos or using copyrighted music as part of the soundtrack or Re-mixing or altering copyrighted images, video or audio,† (Turnitin L. , 2017). †¢ â€Å"Performing another person’s copyrighted music or Recording audio or video in which copyrighted music or video is playing in the background and Composing a piece of music that borrows heavily from another composition† (Turnitin L. , 2017). The best practice to follow to avoid plagiarism is simple, get the proper approval and usage authorizations and cite your work accurately. (Turnitin L. , 2017) Self-plagiarism Many people do not realize the Self-plagiarism exist merely because its your own work, how can you steal from yourself. Self-plagiarism transpires when a student submits the work they owned previously more than once, or combines portions of previous work for other assignments (Sue Thompson, 2008). This type of practice is considered unethical and dishonest if turned in without authorization from every instructor /professors this work is to be submitted (Sue Thompson, 2008). My Experience with Plagiarism My experience with Plagiarism was not intentionally done. During my writing process, I started my paper by doing my outline and rough draft for the introduction, body andShow MoreRelatedPlagiarism And Academic Integrity : Plagiarism1305 Words   |  6 PagesPlagiarism is a topic that is consistently brought up in many areas of education.1 In every syllabus presented to students, there is a section that refers to plagiarism and academic integrity. Plagiarism can be defined as â€Å"the act or instance of stealing or passing off ideas or words of another as one’s own.†2 Despite this being an important piece of information; students may overlook this material and still plagiarize. In a study from the University of Toronto, 90% of senior pharmacy students admittedRead MorePlagiarism And Plagiarism For Academic Integrity995 Words   |  4 Pages In my opinion, academic integrity refers to the principles associated with being honest and responsible in one academic work. Academic integrity is a vital concept for all academic institutions throughout the globe especially in an era where academic dishonesty is gaining momentum. Cheating and plagiarism represent unethical academic behaviors against which higher academic institutions have been battling against. Nowadays, plagiarism and cheating tools have been greatly influenced by new technologicalRead MoreAcademic Integrity And Student Plagiarism1622 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay concerns the issues of academic integrity as plagiarism and buying essays. This work addresses, much attention will be paid to the background of breaches of academic integrity. Students’ behavior will be described and thoroughly analyzed. This essay will provide an understanding that current educational system itself creates prerequisites for such violations. Nowadays, American students try to subvert the educational system by using plagiarism in essays. The educational system tries toRead MoreWhy Plagiarism Is Important For Academic Integrity?1731 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the Role of Plagiarism in regards to Academic Integrity? Plagiarism, â€Å"the act of using another person s words or ideas without giving credit to that person: the act of plagiarizing something† (Merriam-Webster, 2017), is said to be reaching epidemic proportions (Park,2003). Throughout history, plagiarism has been an issue, however, the severity and the implications where not fully understood until the development of the printing press in the 17th century. Now in the age of information sharingRead MorePlagiarism Is Not The Right Way903 Words   |  4 PagesPlagiarism has been around for a long time, nowadays it’s easier to tell if someone plagiarizes. Plagiarism is not the way to go it is not worth the risk and definitely has it consequences. Plagiarism is an act or instance of using or closely imitating the thoughts of another author without authorization and passing it as your own (Dictionary.com). Plagiarism is the work of those who are not willing to put in the time and effort it takes to write original content. Which can be a form of cheatingRead MorePlagiarism : Plagiarism And Plagiarism815 Words   |  4 Pages There are many types of plagiarism, including several scenarios of inadvertent and deliberate plagiarism. This essay will discuss how plagiarism is defined, the various types of plagiarism, why plagiarism is such a serious problem, the impact of the internet on academic integrity, and how plagiarism can be avoided. It will also provide suggestions on ways to eliminate both inadvertent and deliberate plagiarism. There are several ways to define plagiarism. One such definition, according to the RegisRead MoreAction Plan and Annotated Bibliography on Maintaining Academic Honesty1390 Words   |  6 PagesAction plan: maintaining academic honesty Academic dishonesty is a serious issue for anyone regardless of the discipline they are pursuing or the contextual factors. It undermines the quality of the end product such as the services that the person engaging in academic dishonesty will provide in the future. It also beats the purpose of going through academic institutions that provide facilities and facilitators in the education process. Academic dishonesty is, therefore, wrong in all forms and isRead MoreEssay about Academic Integrity - 31056 Words   |  5 PagesAcademic Integrity Paper University of Phoenix October 8, 2012 Academic Integrity This paper will speak of Academic Integrity. What it means to use it correctly and the consequences when wrongfully used. I will voice my views along with the views of others on how Academic Integrity is good rule to follow to write a paper. The paper will also be speaking of the disciplinary action that will be put into place and how students have to go through steps to completing those disciplinary terms. Read MoreThe Silent Harm of Plagiarism Essay1009 Words   |  5 Pagesmind when we think about plagiarism, many people may think of theft or the act of stealing intellectual property. According to Webster-Merriams’ dictionary, plagiarism is â€Å"the act stealing and passing off (the ideas and words of others) as one’s own† (Webster-Merriam). Webster seems to have left a little something out. Plagiarism is not just the act of stealing one’s work. It is also the result of ethical deterioration of academic integrity. In the discussion of plagiarism, a controversial issue isRead MorePlagiarism and the Deterioration of Ethical Values Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesWhat comes to ones mind when we think about plagiarism, according to Webster-Merriams’ dictionary plagiarism is â€Å"the act stealing and passing off (the ideas and words of others) as ones own† (Webster-Merriam). Webster seems to have left a little something out, plagiarism is not just the act of stealing ones work, it is also the result of ethical deterioration of academic integrity. In discussion of plagiarism, a controversial issue is whether plagiarism is taken serious enough and what the severity

Leadership Styles Between Western And Non Western Cultures

‘ What are the differences of managers’ leadership styles between the Western and Non-Western cultures ?’ 1. Abstract The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of †¦. 2. Introduction Managers in today’s world are important assets to the multicultural organisations. Leadership styles of managers are highly important in terms of managing the team of followers, which has a correlation to the productivity and results that the team would achieve in the future. By having good management, it contributes to the success of the organisation. Hence, it is vital to identify the different leadership styles especially in different cultures to suit the working environment and culture of the organization. In the present multicultural global business industry, cultural differences can come in the way of the success of project completion (Anbari, Khilkhanova, Romanova, Umpleby , 2009) . It has been claimed that rigid leadership does not promote motivation and creativity, therefore, managers should lead by flexible leadership and be culturally sensitive, adapting to different cultures, for the team to be able to move forward and reach their goals (Anabri et al. 2009). The w ay a manager’s leadership takes place also affect’s the experience of the employees at work and the relationship between the manager and the employee. Jariya (2012, p66) states that ‘different cultures differ in the values they endorse, people from these cultures often interpret the same managerial practicesShow MoreRelatedDiversity in Western vs Eastern Transformational Leadership1342 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy in 1985 on leadership in the western world which focused on western leaders and how they influenced their subordinates. What he found was that leaders across organizations shared similar attributes. He referred to this style as â€Å"transformational leadership†. Through this style, leaders â€Å"inspire followers to transcend self-interest for the good of the organization and can have an extraordinary effect on their followers† (Robbins Judges, 2012:188). Bass discovered that cultures that used thisRead MoreIntroduction. In The Current D ynamic World, It Is Important1622 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand the traditions of different nations and their practices. This paper compares China’s national culture with that of New Zealand, their influence on the respective corporate cultures, management structure, and strategies while also incorporating organization management theories. There is no other country where the economy has rapidly and fundamentally changed like it has in China. The national culture has changed, and managers in China today feel that they have little to learn from the West. A keyRead MoreDiversity Training And Cultural Sensitivity Training Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagesmerging diverse cultures in building high performance teams across multiple countries. Global organizations are required to adapt to continuous changes in culturally diverse global business environment. Multinational leaders must become adapt to leading a culturally diverse workforce if the organization is to become transcontine ntal. Therefore, there must be an emphasis on diversity training and cultural sensitivity training across the organization, especially among members of leadership. InclusiveRead MoreCross Cultural Communication Skills And Communication1318 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This paper will give a brief overview and then analyze the different cross cultural communication skills, including; oral, written, formal, informal, verbal and non verbal. It will then compare and contrast two focus areas of cross culture communication; culture and ethics. This paper will then conclude its findings Brief overview of cross-cultural communication skills Oral communication is transmitted through speech. It includes personal conversations, speeches, meetings, telephoneRead MoreAnalysis of Three Non-Western Cultures on Diversity Leadership2780 Words   |  12 Pagesan organization. Globalization can be defined as a process by which national and regional economies, cultures and societies become integrated through a world network of trade, communications, transportation and immigration (Beck, 2000). For organisations to succeed in the increasingly competitive global stage there must be diversity leadership; a change is necessary from the traditional leadership values and norms. This is because to manage diversity is more than just acknowledging the differenceRead MoreBusiness Communication Is Different in Pakistan Compared to Western Countries! Agree/Disagree?1519 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Communication is different in Pakistan compared to western countries Communication is any behaviour, verbal or nonverbal, that is perceived by another. (Dwyer 2006) business communications are purposive interchanges of ideas, opinions, information, instructions and the like, presented personally or impersonally by symbol or signal as to attain the goods of organization. (Rosenblatt, Cheatham Watt 1992) Today, the organization is growing more complex and the business is growing larger,Read MoreChallenges Facing Female Head Teachers Phenomenological Study1537 Words   |  7 PagesTakoradi Metropolis in the Western Region of Ghana Women just as their male counterparts, have a right to actively participate in leadership in any facets of the society. In fact, they are permeating every domain of activities with assertiveness and proven competence, and making in – roads into hitherto male monopoly of executive management roles in organizations especially in the developed countries. This study will seek to gain an insight into the leadership styles adopted by female head teachersRead MoreChallenges Facing Female Head Teacher s Phenomenological Study1537 Words   |  7 PagesTakoradi Metropolis in the Western Region of Ghana Women just as their male counterparts, have a right to actively participate in leadership in any facets of the society. In fact, they are permeating every domain of activities with assertiveness and proven competence, and making in – roads into hitherto male monopoly of executive management roles in organizations especially in the developed countries. This study will seek to gain an insight into the leadership styles adopted by female head teachersRead MoreLeading A Multicultural Group. Cornelius Cash Essay1010 Words   |  5 Pages Leading a Multicultural Group Cornelius Cash Grand Canyon University LDR804-Leading across Cultures October 5th, 2016 Leading in a Culturally Diverse Global Society As organizations become increasingly global, the success of organizations is dependent on the leader’s skills in merging diverse cultures in building high performance teams across multiple countries. Global organizations are required to adapt to continuous changes in culturally diverse global business environment. MultinationalRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr1680 Words   |  7 Pagesof managers and employees finishing with consumer perceptions and stakeholder vs. shareholder views.. CSR is a highly controversial topic due to disagreements surrounding the field. Werther and Chandler (2014) defines CSR as ‘†¦ the relationship between corporations and the societies with which they interact†¦ includes the responsibilities that are inherent on both sides of these relationships†. The framework behind CSR tends to be broad with the ideas surrounding its importance changing from business

Our Commitment To Net Neutrality Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Our Commitment To Net Neutrality. Answer: Introduction The name of this news article is Our commitment to net neutrality. This article says about the rule of EU regarding net neutrality that was applied on the month of April in the year 2016. It has followed the EU Regulation. According to this article this regulation is considered to be a great achievement for a market called Digital Single Market (Open Internet, 2017). This concept of net neutrality allows the users of internet to get access to the type of web content that. They can even distribute the content of the web as per their choices. The rules of EU regarding the neutrality of net make sure that, same provisions are applied across the entire Europe. Net neutrality principle is regarding no throttling or blocking of the web content, services as well as applications (Bourreau, Kourandi Valletti, 2015). This article gives a clear idea about what net neutrality is. This net neutrality gives the European the permission to access open internet. The Internet Service Providers are no t allowed to discriminate internet traffic. This rule will treat all the internet traffic in an equal manner. NRAs will make sure that internet access quality will reflect the technological advancements. NRA will take necessary measures so that end users get to enjoy the access to open internet and get good service quality. This article discusses and assesses net neutrality in terms of the four main classical theories of ethics. The net neutrality is assessed in terms of Utilitarianism, Deontology, Virtue ethics and Contract theory. Utilitarianism Theory The Utilitarianism Theory of ethics says that an act or social policy is morally permissible only if it provides happiness to maximum of the people. It focuses on the consequences of an activity or policy. If it generates happiness among the maximum number of people then it is considered to be ethically correct (Broad, 2014). Net neutrality will allow the users to access the open internet freely. They will not be prevented from accessing any website. This will help the society to grow and develop. They will be able to generate more ideas. The society will improve its creativity and technological development perspectives. Internet is the connection of networks. It is not owned by any particular individual or group. According to this theory, the Internet Service Providers do not have the right to discriminate any content or deny the access to a particular group of users. The act of net neutrality is supported by the Utilitarianism Theory because it will give happiness to a large societ y (Ross, 2013). When people will be able to access the internet without any problem then they will be updated about the recent trends and technologies. It will make communication very simple and easy for them. As a result the net neutrality act will spread happiness in Europe. Therefore it can be said that according to the Utilitarianism Theory, this act of net neutrality is morally and ethically correct as it will generate happiness among a large number of people and an entire society. The Utilitarianism theory is in favour of this act of net neutrality. Deontology Theory The Deontology Theory of ethics says that if people follow their duties and responsibilities in a proper manner then it is an ethical act (Vaughn, 2015). This theory does not deal with the consequences of an act or social policy. It does not depend on the happiness of maximum number of people. The net neutrality act means that there will not be any type of discrimination (Baynes, 2013). The act of discrimination is not ethical. The service providers should not have the power to prevent access to several competitor applications. If net neutrality is not provided then ethical duty will not be carried out properly because discrimination is not morally correct. This net neutrality gives the European the permission to access open internet (Krmer, Wiewiorra Weinhardt, 2013). The Internet Service Providers are not allowed to discriminate internet traffic. This rule will treat all the internet traffic in an equal manner. NRAs will make sure that internet access quality will reflect the tech nological advancements. NRA will take necessary measures so that end users get to enjoy the access to open internet and get good service quality. Deontology theory of ethics will support the net neutrality concept because it is against discrimination and it promotes equality. Everyone will get equal access to the open internet. Therefore the Deontology Theory of ethics says that the act of net neutrality is morally permissible and ethically correct act. Virtue Theory The Virtue Ethics theory focuses o the individual character of a person. Virtue ethics does not give importance to consequences or duties (Van Hooft, 2014). Its main focus is the intrinsic motivational force that makes a person good. This theory says that in order to obtain a good outcome there must be internal motivation. The internal motivation gives a sense of happiness from within (Athanassoulis, 2013). The people try to perform some act because it is enjoyable for them. This theory is not based on rules and it gets adapted depending on various situations. This article tells what net neutrality is. The Internet Service Providers are not allowed to discriminate internet traffic. This rule will treat all the internet traffic in an equal manner. This net neutrality gives the European the permission to access open internet. This article also says that NRAs will make sure that internet access quality will reflect the technological advancements. NRA will take necessary measures so that end users get to enjoy the access to open internet and get good service quality. This act will promote equality and it will help the individuals to get motivated and become ethical in nature. People will get access to information and develop themselves and become better human beings. Contract Theory The Contract theory says that people will tend to act in an ethical manner and carry out all the activities in a moral way (Fried, 2015). When there is a contract then the person will feel obligated to form an ethical society. It is extremely ethical to think about the benefit and advantages of the society. The modern version of this theory takes justice to be the basis of an ethical act (K?szegi, 2014). The principle of justice says that every person has got equal rights to get the needed information. This theory does not pay attention to what is fair to every party. This theory believes that if a society needs to sacrifice for its future benefits then that type of sacrifices will be totally acceptable. The internet users pay a certain amount of money to access the internet and the Internet Service Providers on the other hand take the money to provide the users with a certain bandwidth limit. This contract is followed. According to this Contract Theory, the act of net neutrality is ethically correct as it gives access to all web contents to the users of the internet. Conclusion This essay concludes that the act of net neutrality is ethically correct according to all the theories of ethics. This essay assessed net neutrality in terms of Utilitarianism, Deontology, Virtue ethics and Contract theory. This essay describes the concept of all the four classical theories of ethics. Net neutrality provides equal access to the internet to everyone. Therefore it promotes equality and does not appreciate the concept of discrimination. References Athanassoulis, N. (2013).Virtue ethics. AC Black. Baynes, K. (2013).Critical theory. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Bourreau, M., Kourandi, F., Valletti, T. (2015). Net neutrality with competing internet platforms.The Journal of Industrial Economics,63(1), 30-73. Broad, C. D. (2014).Five types of ethical theory(Vol. 2). Routledge. Fried, C. (2015).Contract as promise: A theory of contractual obligation. Oxford University Press, USA. K?szegi, B. (2014). Behavioral contract theory.Journal of Economic Literature,52(4), 1075-1118. Krmer, J., Wiewiorra, L., Weinhardt, C. (2013). Net neutrality: A progress report.Telecommunications Policy,37(9), 794-813. Open Internet. (2017).Digital Single Market. Retrieved 12 September 2017, from https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/eu-actions-net-neutrality Ross, D. (2013).Foundations of ethics. Read Books Ltd. Van Hooft, S. (2014).Understanding virtue ethics. Routledge. Vaughn, L. (2015).Doing ethics: Moral reasoning and contemporary issues. WW Norton Company.